Natural hyperoside extracted from hawthorn exhibits antiviral activity against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and death in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses for the pork industry. There is an urgent need for new treatment strategies. Here, we focused on optimizing the process of purifying natural hyperoside (nHYP) from hawthorn and evaluating its effectiveness against PEDV both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that nHYP with a purity >98% was successfully isolated from hawthorn with an extraction rate of 0.42 mg/g. Furthermore, nHYP exhibited strong inhibitory effects on PEDV replication in cells, with a selection index of 9.72. nHYP significantly reduced the viral load in the intestines of piglets and protected three of four piglets from death caused by PEDV infection. Mechanistically, nHYP could intervene in the interaction of PEDV N protein and p53. The findings implicate nHYP as having promising therapeutic potential for combating PEDV infections.

Licorice extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhea and even death in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. Because of the ongoing mutation of PEDV, there might be variations between the vaccine strain and the prevailing strain, causing the vaccine to not offer full protection against different PEDV variant strains. Therefore, it is necessary to develop anti-PEDV drugs to compensate for vaccines. This study confirmed the anti-PEDV effect of licorice extract (Le) in vitro and in vivo. Le inhibited PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. By exploring the effect of Le on the life cycle of PEDV, we found that Le inhibited the attachment, internalization, and replication stages of the virus. In vivo, all five piglets in the PEDV-infected group died within 72 h. In comparison, the Le-treated group had a survival rate of 80 % at the same time, with significant relief of clinical symptoms, pathological damage, and viral loads in the jejunum and ileum. Our results suggested that Le can exert anti-PEDV effects in vitro and in vivo. Le is effective and inexpensive; therefore it has the potential to be developed as a new anti-PEDV drug.

LIF Aggravates Pulpitis by Promoting Inflammatory Response in Macrophages.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been recognized as a novel inflammatory modulator in inflammation-associated diseases. This study aimed to investigate the modulation of LIF in dental pulp inflammation. Experimental pulpitis was established in wild-type (WT) and Lif-deficient (Lif-/-) mice. Histological and immunostaining analyses were conducted to assess the role of LIF in the progression of pulpitis. Mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was treated with LPS to simulate an inflammatory environment. Exogenous LIF was added to this system to examine its modulation in macrophage inflammatory response in vitro. Primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from WT and Lif-/- mice were isolated and stimulated with LPS to confirm the effect of Lif deletion on macrophage inflammatory response. Supernatants from LIF and LPS-treated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) were collected and added to macrophages. Macrophage chemotaxis was assessed using transwell assays. The results showed an increased expression of LIF and LIFR with the progression of pulpitis, and LIFR was highly expressed in macrophages. Lif deficiency alleviated experimental pulpitis with the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage infiltration. Exogenous LIF promoted inflammatory response of LPS-induced macrophages through a STAT3/p65-dependent pathway. Consistently, Lif deletion inhibited macrophage inflammatory response in vitro. Supernatants of LIF-treated hDPCs enhanced macrophage migration in LPS-induced inflammatory environment. Our findings demonstrated that LIF aggravates pulpitis by promoting macrophage inflammatory response through a STAT3/p65-dependent pathway. Furthermore, LIF plays a crucial role in driving the recruitment of macrophages to inflamed pulp tissue by promoting chemokine secretion in DPCs.

A survey of fecal virome and bacterial community of the diarrhea-affected cattle in northeast China reveals novel disease-associated ecological risk factors.

Limited information on the virome and bacterial community hampers our ability to discern systemic ecological risk factors that cause cattle diarrhea, which has become a pressing issue in the control of disease. A total of 110 viruses, 1,011 bacterial genera, and 322 complete viral genomes were identified from 70 sequencing samples mixed with 1,120 fecal samples from 58 farms in northeast China. For the diarrheic samples, the identified virome and bacterial community varied in terms of composition, abundance, diversity, and geographic distribution in relation to different disease-associated ecological factors; the abundance of identified viruses and bacteria was significantly correlated with the host factors of clinical status, cattle type, and age, and with environmental factors such as aquaculture model and geographical location (P < 0.05); a significant interaction occurred between viruses and viruses, bacteria and bacteria, as well as between bacteria and viruses (P < 0.05). The abundance of SMB53, Butyrivibrio, Facklamia, Trichococcus, and Turicibacter was significantly correlated with the health status of cattle (P < 0.05). The proportion of BRV, BCoV, BKV, BToV, BoNoV, BoNeV, BoAstV, BEV, BoPV, and BVDV in 1,120 fecal samples varied from 1.61% to 12.05%. A series of significant correlations were observed between the prevalence of individual viruses and the disease-associated ecological factors. A genome-based phylogenetic analysis revealed high variability of 10 bovine enteric viruses. The bovine hungarovirus was initially identified in both dairy and beef cattle in China. This study elucidates the fecal virome and bacterial community signatures of cattle affected by diarrhea, and reveals novel disease-associated ecological risk factors, including cattle type, cattle age, aquaculture model, and geographical location.IMPORTANCEThe lack of data on the virome and bacterial community restricts our capability to recognize ecological risk factors for bovine diarrhea disease, thereby hindering our overall comprehension of the disease's cause. In this study, we found that, for the diarrheal samples, the identified virome and bacterial community varied in terms of composition, abundance, diversity, configuration, and geographic distribution in relation to different disease-associated ecological factors. A series of significant correlations were observed between the prevalence of individual viruses and the disease-associated ecological factors. Our study aims to uncover novel ecological risk factors of bovine diarrheal disease by examining the pathogenic microorganism-host-environment disease ecology, thereby providing a new perspective on the control of bovine diarrheal diseases.

The outer membrane protein of Fusobacterium necrophorum, 43K OMP, stimulates inflammatory cytokine production through nuclear factor kappa B activation.

OBJECTIVE: Fusobacterium necrophorum causes bovine hepatic abscess, foot rot, mastitis, and endometritis. The 43 kDa outer membrane protein (43 K OMP) of F. necrophorum is a porin protein that plays an important role in infections by this bacterium, but the biological function and the pathogenesis of this protein are largely unknown. METHODS: In this study, we investigated the role of the 43 K OMP in bacterial infection of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) by Tandem Mass Tag proteomic analysis. The RAW264.7 cells were incubated with recombinant 43 K OMP (12.5 µg/mL) for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, and 12 h, and then the inflammatory related protein and inflammatory cytokine production were measured by Western blot analysis and ELISA, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokine were measured by Real-Time PCR. RESULTS: Proteomic analysis results demonstrated there were 224 differentially expressed proteins in the MAC-T cells stimulated with the 43 K OMP compared with control, and 118 proteins were upregulated and 106 proteins were downregulated. These differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in NF-kappa B signaling, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, cell adhesion, complement and coagulation cascades. The top six differentially expressed proteins were; MMP9, PLAU, STOM, PSMD13, PLAUR, and ITGAV, which were involved in a protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway related proteins and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß) were assessed by Western blot analysis and ELISA. Results showed the 43 K OMP to enhance the expression of TLR4 protein at 2 h (P < 0.01) and the MyD88 protein at 4 h (P < 0.05) post-stimulation, and to decrease IκBα expression at 4 h, 6 h and 12 h (P < 0.05) post-infection, as well as induce phosphorylation at Ser536 (P < 0.01). Levels of IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in the supernatants of mouse macrophages were increased (P < 0.05), as were mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α (P < 0.05), while IL-4 mRNA expression was decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these results suggested the important role for 43 K OMP in F. necrophorum infection, promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) by activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. These findings provided a theoretical basis for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of F. necrophorum infection.

Terephthalic Acid Intercalated CoNi-LDH Materials for Improved Li-O2 Battery.

CoNi-LDH (layered CoNi double hydroxides) hollow nanocages with specific morphology are obtained by Ni ion etching of ZIF-67 (Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67). The structure of the layered materials is further modified by molecular intercalation. The original interlayer anions are replaced by the ion exchange effect of terephthalic acid, which helps to increase the interlayer distance of the material. The intercalated cage-like structures not only benefit for the storage of oxygen, and the discharge product reaction, but also have more support between the material layers. The experimental results show that the excessive use of intercalation agent will affect structural stability of the intercalated CoNi-LDH. By adjusting the amount of terephthalic acid, the intercalated CoNi-LDH-2 (with 0.02 mmol terephthalic acid intercalated) is not easy to collapse after 209 cycles and shows the best electrochemical performance in Li-O2 battery.

Efficacy and safety of belimumab therapy for patients with lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis and a propensity score-matched case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we performed a meta-analysis and a propensity score-matched case-control study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS: We analyzed the data from three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of belimumab treatment on renal improvement and adverse effects. Our study included a total of six LN patients who received belimumab treatment and an additional six LN patients who received standard therapy. All participants were followed up for a duration exceeding 96 weeks to evaluate the outcomes of the treatments. RESULTS: Our meta-analysis incorporated data from three articles involving a total of 666 patients. The results of the analysis revealed that a higher proportion of patients who received belimumab treatment experienced renal improvement compared to those in the control group. The patients in belimumab group had a higher renal complete response rate and proteinuria improvement rate compared to the control group. However, belimumab treatment did not increase the renal partial response rate compared to the control group. The belimumab group also exhibited a higher proportion of patients who achieved normalization of antidouble-stranded DNA, as well as normalization of low C3 and C4 levels. In our case-control study, significant improvement in proteinuria was demonstrated with belimumab at Week 48 (p = 0.037) and at all subsequent time points (all p < 0.05). Over the course of 96 weeks, belimumab treatment was associated with renal function stabilization and an increase in C3 and C4 levels. Moreover, the use of belimumab resulted in a reduction in glucocorticoid dosage at Week 24 (p = 0.02). Additionally, patients receiving belimumab treatment had a lower risk of severe treatment-emergent adverse events, and no other significant adverse effects were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with LN, the utilization of belimumab therapy has demonstrated notable improvements in renal response rates. Additionally, it has shown a decreased likelihood of serious treatment-related adverse events and a diminished need for glucocorticoid dosage when compared to the active control group.

Octyl gallate targeting the 3C-like protease exhibits highly efficient antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus PEDV.

Infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe watery diarrhea in newborn piglets, leading to substantial financial losses for the swine industry. In this study, we screened small molecule drugs targeting 3 C-like protease (3CLpro) by molecular docking, and further evaluated the antiviral activity of the screened drugs against PEDV. Results showed that octyl gallate (OG), a widely used food additive, exhibited strong binding affinity with the 3CLpro active sites of PEDV. Bio-layer interferometry and fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed that OG directly interacts with PEDV 3CLpro (KD = 549 nM) and inhibits 3CLpro activity (IC50 = 22.15 µM). OG showed a strong inhibition of PEDV replication in vitro. Virus titers were decreased by 0.58 and 0.71 log10 TCID50/mL for the CV777 and HM2017 strains, respectively. In vivo, all piglets in the PEDV-infected group died at 48 h post-infection (hpi), while 75% of piglets in the OG treatment group showed significant relief from the clinical symptoms, pathological damage, and viral loads in the jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the western blotting results showed that OG also has strong antiviral activity against other swine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Our findings revealed that OG could be developed as a novel antiviral drug against PEDV. The OG exhibited a potential broad-spectrum antiviral drug for control of other swine enteric coronaviruses.

Positive outcomes with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the management of colovesical fistula in cancer: a case report and literature review.

Colovesical fistula (CVF) is usually developed from colonic diverticulitis, followed by tumor. Traditional surgery is usually completed in one or more stages. For complex cancerous CVF, radical resection is more difficult. We report a 62-year-old male patient diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer combined with sigmoid vesical fistula. In the course of treatment, in addition to conventional surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was innovatively used. The sigmoid tumor and fistula were significantly shrunken. Radical surgery achieved negative margins.

Up-regulated 60S ribosomal protein L18 in PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested host cells promotes viral replication.

Coronavirus subverts the host cell cycle to create a favorable cellular environment that enhances viral replication in host cells. Previous studies have revealed that nucleocapsid (N) protein of the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) interacts with p53 to induce cell cycle arrest in S-phase and promotes viral replication. However, the mechanism by which viral replication is increased in the PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested cells remains unknown. In the current study, the protein expression profiles of PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested Vero E6 cells and thymidine-induced S-phase arrested Vero E6 cells were characterized by tandem mass tag-labeled quantitative proteomic technology. The effect of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) on PEDV replication was investigated. The results indicated that a total of 5709 proteins, including 20,560 peptides, were identified, of which 58 and 26 DEPs were identified in the PEDV N group and thymidine group, respectively (P < 0.05; ratio ≥ 1.2 or ≤ 0.8). The unique DEPs identified in the PEDV N group were mainly involved in DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis, of which 60S ribosomal protein L18 (RPL18) exhibited significantly up-regulated expression in the PEDV N protein-induced S-phase arrested Vero E6/IPEC-J2 cells and PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells (P < 0.05). Further studies revealed that the RPL18 protein could significantly enhance PEDV replication (P < 0.05). Our findings reveal a mechanism regarding increased viral replication when the PEDV N protein-induced host cells are in S-phase arrest. These data also provide evidence that PEDV maintains its own replication by utilizing protein synthesis-associated ribosomal proteins.

Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of a goose astrovirus causing fatal gout in goslings.

Since November 2016, severe infectious diseases characterized by gout and kidney swelling and caused by goose astrovirus (GoAstV) have affected goslings in major goose-producing areas in China. In 2021, a similar serious infectious disease broke out in commercial goose farms in Heilongjiang Province, China. In this study, strain HLJ2021 was successfully isolated from goose embryos. Electron microscopy showed that the viral particles are spherical, with a diameter of about 28 nm. The complete genomic length of strain HLJ2021 is 7210 nt, and it encodes three viral proteins. A phylogenetic analysis showed that strain HLJ2021 belongs to GoAstV-2 (G2). Compared with the two original GoAstV strains, amino acid site 540Q of the strain HLJ2021 spike domain has a mutation that affects the protein structure. One potential recombination event occurred between strains HLJ2021 and AstV/HB01/Goose/0123/19, which led to the generation of recombinant strain AstV/HN03/Goose/0402/19. Strain HLJ2021 also showed strong pathogenicity in goslings. Goslings infected with GoAstV began to die at 48 h post-infection (hpi), with a mortality rate of 83.3% at 240 hpi. At autopsy, visceral urate deposits, severe renal hemorrhage and swelling, and urate in the ureter were observed in the dead goslings. These findings extend our understanding of the evolution of GoAstV, which causes gout. The isolated GoAstV strain HLJ2021 provides a potential resource for the development of biological products for the prevention of goose gout.

Fusobacterium necrophorum Promotes Apoptosis and Inflammatory Cytokine Production Through the Activation of NF-κB and Death Receptor Signaling Pathways.

Fusobacterium necrophorum can cause liver abscess, foot rot in ruminants, and Lemire syndrome in humans, Also, its virulence factors can induce the apoptosis of macrophages and neutrophils. However, the detailed mechanism has not been fully clarified. This study investigated the mechanisms of apoptosis and inflammatory factor production in F. necrophorum-induced neutrophils and macrophages (RAW246.7). After infection of macrophages with F. necrophorum, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine labeling assays indicated that F. necrophorum inhibited macrophage proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Hoechst staining and DNA ladder assays showed significant condensation of the nucleus and fragmentation of genomic DNA in F. necrophorum-infected macrophages, Annexin V (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) assay confirmed the emergence of apoptosis in the macrophages and sheep neutrophils with F. necrophorum compared with the control. The group with significant apoptosis was subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), and the sequencing results revealed 2581 up- and 2907 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that F. necrophorum drove apoptosis and production of inflammatory factors by activating genes related to the Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and death receptor pathways. Meanwhile, quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot validation results were consistent with the results of transcriptome sequencing analysis. In conclusion, F. necrophorum induced apoptosis and production of pro-inflammatory factors through the NF-κB and death receptor signaling pathway, providing a theoretical basis for further mechanistic studies on the prevention and control of F. necrophorum disease treatment.

Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Bimetal-Organic Framework Nanosheets as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation.

Ultrathin two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D MOFs) have the potential to improve the oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) with a large surface area and open catalytic active sites. To achieve high-efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, a moderate solvothermal method was evolved to synthesize a series of 2D MOFs on nickel foam (Ni-MOF/NF, NiCo-61-MOF/NF, NiCo-21-MOF/NF). As the electrocatalyst used for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, NiCo-61-MOF/NF presented a lower overpotential and superior chemical durability than other electrocatalysts; it only required a potential of ∼1.52 V (vs RHE) to reach 338.16 mA cm-2, with an oxidation efficiency of more than 86%. Besides, after continuous electrocatalysis for 20 000 s at 1.42 V (vs RHE), the current density of NiCo-61-MOF/NF nanosheets was still 38.67 mA cm-2 with 77.34% retention. This demonstrated that NiCo-61-MOF/NF nanosheet electrocatalysts had great potential for benzyl alcohol oxidation. From both the experimental and theoretical studies, it was discovered that NiCo-61-MOF/NF nanosheets have the highest electrocatalytic activity due to their distinctive ultrathin 2D structure, optimized electron structure, and more accessible active sites. This finding would pave a brand-new thought for the design of electrocatalysts with electrocatalytic activity for benzyl alcohol oxidation (EBO).

Interaction of 43K OMP of Fusobacterium necrophorum with fibronectin mediates adhesion to bovine epithelial cells.

Fusobacterium necrophorum, a Gram-negative anaerobe, is an important bovine pathogen that causes hepatic abscesses, foot rot, mastitis and endometritis. We have previously shown that the 43 kDa outer membrane protein (43 K OMP) of F. necrophorum is a porin protein that plays an important role in bacterial infections; however, the molecular mechanisms by which this protein mediates adhesion remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of 43 K OMP in F. necrophorum adhesion to bovine epithelial cells using 43 K OMP-deficient mutants, and identified the protein that interacts with 43 K OMP by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that the native 43 K OMP and recombinant 43 K OMP could bind to the cell membrane of MAC-T or bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs). When F. necrophorum was preincubated with antibodies against the recombinant 43 K OMP or bovine epithelial cells were preincubated with 43 K OMP, the adhesion of F. necrophorum to MAC-T or BEECs decreased significantly (P<0.01). We successfully constructed a 43 K OMP-deficient strain (A25Δ43 K OMP) and bacterial attachment to MAC-T or BEECs was significantly higher with the F. necrophorum A25 strain than with mutant strain A25Δ43 K OMP (P<0.01). The deficiency of 43 K OMP reduced the binding of F. necrophorum to bovine epithelial cells by 90.5 %-94.9 %. Among the 39 potential differential proteins, fibronectin, collagen and myosin were selected as the target proteins, and direct interaction between 43 K OMP of F. necrophorum and fibronectin was demonstrated. Taken together, these results suggest that 43 K OMP plays a key role in adhesion of F. necrophorum to bovine epithelial cells through its interaction with fibronectin. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenic mechanism of F. necrophorum.

Theoretical Design and Structural Modulation of a Surface-Functionalized Ti3C2Tx MXene-Based Heterojunction Electrocatalyst for a Li-Oxygen Battery.

Two-dimensional MXene with high conductivity has metastable Ti atoms and inert functional groups on the surface, greatly limiting application in surface-related electrocatalytic reactions. A surface-functionalized nitrogen-doped two-dimensional TiO2/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction (N-TiO2/Ti3C2Tx) was fabricated theoretically, with high conductivity and optimized electrocatalytic active sites. Based on the conductive substrate of Ti3C2Tx, the heterojunction remained metallic and efficiently accelerated the transfer of Li+ and electrons in the electrode. More importantly, the precise regulation of active sites in the N-TiO2/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction optimized the adsorption for LiO2 and Li2O2, facilitating the sluggish kinetics with a lowest theoretical overpotential in both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Employed as an electrocatalyst in a Li-oxygen battery (Li-O2 battery), it demonstrated a high specific capacity of 15 298 mAh g-1 and a superior cyclability with more than 200 cycles at 500 mA g-1, as well as the swiftly reduced overpotential. Furthermore, combined with the in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, ex situ Raman spectra, and SEM tests, the N-TiO2/Ti3C2Tx heterojunction electrode presented a superior stability and reduced side reaction along with the high performance toward the ORR and OER. It provides an efficient insight for the design of high-performance electrocatalysts for metal-oxygen batteries.

Epidemiological survey and genetic diversity of bovine coronavirus in Northeast China.

In 2020, to trace the prevalence and evolution of bovine coronavirus (BCoV) in China, a total of 1383 samples (1016 fecal samples and 367 nasal swab samples) were collected from 1016 cattle exhibiting diarrhea symptoms on dairy farms and beef cattle farms in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. All samples were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of the BCoV N gene, followed by an analysis of its epidemiology and genetic evolution. The results indicated that of the 1016 diarrhea-affected cattle, 15.45% (157/1016) were positive for BCoV, in which positive rates of the fecal and nasal swab samples were 12.20% (124/1016) and 21.53% (79/367), respectively. Of the 367 cattle whose nasal swab samples were collected, the BCoV positive rate of the corresponding fecal samples was 15.26% (56/367). BCoV infection was significantly associated with age, farming pattern, cattle type, farm latitude, sample type, and clinical symptom (p < 0.05). Of the 203 BCoV-positive samples, 20 spike (S) genes were successfully sequenced. The 20 identified BCoV strains shared nucleotide homologies of 97.7-100.0%, and their N-terminal domain of S1 subunit (S1-NTD: residues 15-298) differed genetically from the reference strains of South Korea and Europe. The 20 identified BCoV strains were clustered in the Asia-North America group (GII group) in the global strain-based phylogenetic tree and formed three clades in the Chinese strain-based phylogenetic tree. The HLJ/HH-10/2020 strain was clustered into the Europe group (GI group) in the S1-NTD-based phylogenetic tree, exhibiting N146/I, D148/G, and L154/F mutations that affect the S protein structure. Of the identified BCoV strains, one potential recombination event occurred between the HLJ/HH-20/2020 and HLJ/HH-10/2020 strains, which led to the generation of the recombinant BCV-AKS-01 strain. A selective pressure analysis on the S protein revealed one positively selected site (Asn509) among the 20 identified BCoV strains located inside the putative receptor binding domain (residues 326-540). These data provide a greater understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of BCoV in China.

Evaluation of Immunoprotective Effects of Fusobacterium necrophorum Outer Membrane Proteins 43K OMP, Leukotoxin and Hemolysin Multi-Component Recombinant Subunit Vaccine in Mice.

We evaluated the efficacy of three vaccine formulations containing different combinations of proteins (43K OMP, leukotoxin recombinant protein PL4 and hemolysin recombinant protein H2) and killed whole cell Fusobacterium necrophorum in preventing liver abscess. Four subcutaneous vaccines were formulated: vaccine 1 (43K OMP), vaccine 2 (PL4 and H2), vaccine 3 (43K OMP, PL4 and H2), and vaccine 4 (killed whole bacterial cell). 43K OMP, PL4, and H2 proteins were produced by using recombinant protein expression. To evaluate vaccine efficacy, we randomly allocated 50 BALB/c female mice to one of five different treatment groups: PBS control group, vaccine 1, vaccine 2, vaccine 3, and vaccine 4. Mice were vaccinated three times, with 14 days between each immunization. After immunization, the mice were challenged with F. necrophorum. The three key findings of this study are as follows: (1) Vaccine 3 has enabled mice to produce higher antibody titer following bacterial challenge, (2) in the liver pathology of mice, the vaccine 3 liver showed the least pathology, and (3) all four vaccines produced high levels of antibodies and cytokines in mice, but the level of vaccine 3 was the highest. Based on our results, it has been demonstrated that a mixture of F. necrophorum 43K OMP, PL4, and H2 proteins inoculated with mice can achieve protection against liver abscess in mice. Our research may therefore provide the basis for the development of a vaccine against F. necrophorum bovine infections.

Coronavirus Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Interacts with p53 To Induce Cell Cycle Arrest in S-Phase and Promotes Viral Replication.

Subversion of the host cell cycle to facilitate viral replication is a common feature of coronavirus infections. Coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein can modulate the host cell cycle, but the mechanistic details remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of manipulation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) N protein on the cell cycle and the influence on viral replication. Results indicated that PEDV N induced Vero E6 cell cycle arrest at S-phase, which promoted viral replication (P < 0.05). S-phase arrest was dependent on the N protein nuclear localization signal S71NWHFYYLGTGPHADLRYRT90 and the interaction between N protein and p53. In the nucleus, the binding of N protein to p53 maintained consistently high-level expression of p53, which activated the p53-DREAM pathway. The key domain of the N protein interacting with p53 was revealed to be S171RGNSQNRGNNQGRGASQNRGGNN194 (NS171-N194), in which G183RG185 are core residues. NS171-N194 and G183RG185 were essential for N-induced S-phase arrest. Moreover, small molecular drugs targeting the NS171-N194 domain of the PEDV N protein were screened through molecular docking. Hyperoside could antagonize N protein-induced S-phase arrest by interfering with interaction between N protein and p53 and inhibit viral replication (P < 0.05). The above-described experiments were also validated in porcine intestinal cells, and data were in line with results in Vero E6 cells. Therefore, these results reveal the PEDV N protein interacts with p53 to activate the p53-DREAM pathway, and subsequently induces S-phase arrest to create a favorable environment for virus replication. These findings provide new insight into the PEDV-host interaction and the design of novel antiviral strategies against PEDV. IMPORTANCE Many viruses subvert the host cell cycle to create a cellular environment that promotes viral growth. PEDV, an emerging and reemerging coronavirus, has led to substantial economic loss in the global swine industry. Our study is the first to demonstrate that PEDV N-induced cell cycle arrest during the S-phase promotes viral replication. We identified a novel mechanism of PEDV N-induced S-phase arrest, where the binding of PEDV N protein to p53 maintains consistently high levels of p53 expression in the nucleus to mediate S-phase arrest by activating the p53-DREAM pathway. Furthermore, a small molecular compound, hyperoside, targeted the PEDV N protein, interfering with the interaction between the N protein and p53 and, importantly, inhibited PEDV replication by antagonizing cell cycle arrest. This study reveals a new mechanism of PEDV-host interaction and also provides a novel antiviral strategy for PEDV. These data provide a foundation for further research into coronavirus-host interactions.

Diagnosis and gI antibody dynamics of pseudorabies virus in an intensive pig farm in Hei Longjiang Province.

BACKGROUND: Pseudorabies (PR), caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an endemic disease in some regions of China. Although there are many reports on epidemiological investigations into pseudorabies, information on PRV gI antibody dynamics in one pig farm is sparse. OBJECTIVES: To diagnose PR and analyze the course of PR eradication in one pig farm. METHODS: Ten brains and 1,513 serum samples from different groups of pigs in a pig farm were collected to detect PRV gE gene and PRV gI antibody presence using real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS: The July 2015 results indicated that almost all brain samples were PRV gE gene positive, but PRV gI antibody results in the serum samples of the same piglets were all negative. In the boar herd, from October 2015 to July 2018 three positive individuals were culled in October 2015, and the negative status of the remaining boars was maintained in the following tests. In the sow herd, the PRV gI antibody positive rate was always more than 70% from October 2015 to October 2017; however, it decreased to 27% in January 2018 but increased to 40% and 52% in April and July 2018, respectively. The PRV gI antibody positive rate in 100-day pigs markedly decreased in October 2016 and was maintained at less than 30% in the following tests. For 150-day pigs, the PRV gI antibody positive rate decreased notably to 10% in April 2017 and maintained a negative status from July 2017. The positive trend of PRV gI antibody with an increase in pig age remarkably decreased in three tests in 2018. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that serological testing is not sensitive in the early stage of a PRV infection and that gilt introduction is a risk factor for a PRV-negative pig farm. The data on PRV gI antibody dynamics can provide reference information for pig farms wanting to eradicate PR.

Entropy-driven catalytic amplification adjusted by stoichiometry for single-nucleotide variants detection with high abundance sensitivity.

Single-nucleotide variants (SNV) detection with high abundance sensitivity is of great significance in clinical application, molecular diagnostics and biological research. In this study, a high abundance sensitivity SNV detection strategy based on entropy-driven catalytic (EDC) amplification adjusted by stoichiometry is proposed. In EDC, the toehold exchange reaction is used to initiate subsequent catalytic reaction and can be adjusted by stoichiometry. When the by-product concentration in the toehold exchange reaction is excessive, the forward reaction will be inhibited, which can reduce or even block the unexpected reaction between the non-target and the probe. Meanwhile, some targets can still successfully take a toehold exchange reaction with the probe, thus completing the subsequent EDC. By adjusting the EDC, the SNV identification specificity of this system was improved and is superior to any single adjusted stoichiometry or EDC. When the low abundance target is detected from the mixture, this strategy enables SNV detection at 0.1% abundance with high abundance sensitivity. And even if the mixture contains three kind of 1000-fold interference sequences, this strategy can still discriminate the target SNV. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the adjusted EDC system was verified by p53 mutation discrimination in human urine.